English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

In the last 50 years the increase in the frequency of male reproductive abnormalities has been observed in human (Auger et al., 1995; Bergstrom et al., 1996; Carlsen et al., 1992; Skakkebaek et al., 2001; Thonneau et al., 2003). Epidemiological studies have shown increasing trends in the incidence of cryptorchidism (undescended testis) and hypospadias (abnormal location of the urethral opening) in several regions of Australia, Europe, and the United States (Acerini et al., 2009; Boisen et al., 2004; Kallen et al., 1986; Nassar et al., 2007; Paulozzi, 1999; Toppari et al., 2001). Moreover, several reports indicated that semen quality have declined during last century (Auger et al., 1995; Carlsen et al., 1992; Swan et al., 2000; Sharpe & Irvine, 2004). Decreasing sperm concentration and percentage of motile spermatozoa, and increasing number of spermatozoa with morphological alterations were observed in European population between 1940 and 1990. For instance, it has been found that the prevalence of an abnormally low sperm count in young men reaches even 15–20% (Andersson et al., 2008; Jorgensen et al., 2006, 2011). In earlier study by Jorgensen et al. (2001) significant geographical variations in semen quality have been also described. Although, the reason for these regional differences is not fully elucidated, some data indicate that a correlation exists between impaired semen quality and exposure to pesticides used in agricultural areas (Swan et al., 2003). Interestingly, it has been noticed that in the industrial areas, where peoples are exposed to high levels of industrial chemicals, the birth sex ratio can be altered; in some region of Canada male birth sex ratio (i.e. number of male births per total number of births) have reached only 0.3 during the period 1990 – 2003 (Mackenzie et al., 2005). In 2001 Skakkebaeck and co-workers have suggested that cryptorchidism, hypospadias, testicular cancer and oligozoospermia are interrelated disorders comprising a single syndrome, called the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) (Skakkebaeck et al., 2001; Skakkebaeck & Jorgensen, 2005). This idea arose from the observation that cryptorchidism and hypospadias are closely linked to testicular cancer, because in men with a history of one of these anomalies significantly increased risk of testicular cancer was described (Davenport et al., 1997; Dieckmann & Pichlmeier, 2004; Sharpe & Irvine, 2004). Moreover, oligozoospermia is frequently found in men, who develop testicular cancer (Moller & Skakkebaek, 1999). The disorders included in TDS are believed to result from disruption of

Antiandrogenic and Estrogenic Compounds: Effect on Development and Function of Male Reproductive System