English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) is only found in Africa and carries trypanosomes (the disease agents causing human sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomosisNagana), reaching their southern limits (particularly the morsitans group) in Botswana and Kwazulu Natal in South Africa. The tsetse fly transmitted disease is a serious problem in Sub-Saharan Africa and it is estimated that the removal of this disease could double livestock production and markedly increase cultivation levels. It is estimated that potential distribution of tsetse fly in Africa is 300,000 km2 (Mathiessen & douthwaite, 1985). Generally, the economic and social impacts of nagana and sleeping sickness on animal production and human health are severe, estimates put annual cattle production losses at US$2.7 billion and >55, 000 people dying from sleeping sickness annually (Budd, 1999). The disease is usually of chronic and debilitating form. It is essentially a problem in rural areas, where the threat and burden of such is a significant contributor to rural poverty and malnutrition. In Botswana, the tsetse infested area covered ≤ 5% but has had significant impact on livestock and human populations, particularly in Ngamiland and Chobe regions, largely because of the wet areas in an otherwise dry country. Prior to the rinderpest pandemic of 1896 which significantly reduced tsetse populations in much of east and southern Africa as a result of the critical loss of food source, the distribution of tsetse fly in Botswana had reached its historical limits of approximately >20,000 km2 (Ford, 1971; Jordon, 1986). As the tsetse populations recovered from the rinderpest epizootic the incidence of trypanosomosis increased. For instance, between 1949 and 1960, the cattle populations in Chobe District declined by ≤ 95% (Lambrecht, 1972). Ploughing along the flood plains is a common local practice in these areas, and whilst beneficial in the sense of optimal exploitation of soil moisture, this practice carries the risk of potential exposure of farm workers to tsetse fly bites. An average of 50 (geometric mean range = 13-272) trypanosomosis cases was recorded between 1957 and 1977 in Maun Hospital each year. Today the Okavango Delta, KwandoLinyanti-Chobe areas are the most important destinations for international tourists and one of the major sources of revenue for the country. The risk of sleeping sickness within these areas is perceived as potential threat to the tourism industry, both locally and nationally (RTTCP, 1995).

Management of Tsetse Fly Using Insecticides in Northern Botswana