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This chapter is aimed to develop and calibrate a quasi-distributed optical sensor network of long period fiber gratings and extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers for simultaneous high temperature and large strain measurements, and to validate it for the post-earthquake assessment of a steel frame in high temperature environments. The steel frame represents typical steel buildings that are susceptible to the high temperature effect of earthquakeinduced fires such as those observed at multiple locations during the March 11, 2011, Japan earthquake. Critical buildings such as hospitals and police stations must remain functional for postearthquake responses and evacuation immediately following a major earthquake event. However, they often experience large strains due to shaking effects as observed during recent earthquakes, causing permanent inelastic deformation. The post-earthquake fires associated with the earthquake-induced short fuse of electrical systems and leakage of gas devices can further strain the already damaged structures during the earthquakes, potentially leading to a progressive collapse of buildings. In a matter of seconds to an hour, tenants can be injured and trapped in the collapsed buildings, desperately waiting for rescue in helpless situations. Therefore, real time monitoring and assessment of the structural condition of critical buildings is of paramount importance to post-earthquake responses and evacuation in earthquake-prone regions. An accurate assessment of the buildings in these harsh conditions can assist fire fighters in their rescue efforts and save earthquake victims. For structural condition assessment in fire environments, the most widely used, commercial sensing tools are based on electrical principles, including electrical resistance gauges for strain measurements and thermocouples for temperature measurements. Electrical resistance gauges were initially proposed in 1856 by Lord Kelvin (Thomson 1857). A strain gauge is basically a conductive metal foil that is printed on a non-conductive insulating flexible backing. It can be applied to the surface of a solid structure with suitable adhesives, such as cyanoacrylate. When perfectly attached, the foil and then the backing are deformed together with the structure to be monitored, causing a change in electrical resistance of the alloy. Due to electromechanical properties of the alloy, the foil and the adhesives, the maximum strain that a strain gauge can measure prior to its failure is typically limited to 1%. The readings from a strain gauge also vary with the temperature during measurements. They become significant in high temperature applications and must be compensated for temperature effects.

Steel Building Assessment in Post-Earthquake Fire Environments with Fiber Optical Sensors