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This chapter is primarily concerned with the concept and correct use of natural products as insecticides. All organisms need to transform and interconvert a vast number of organic compounds in order to be able to live, grow, and reproduce. They need to provide themselves with energy in the form of ATP and a supply of building blocks to construct their own tissues. Despite the extremely varied characteristics of living organisms, the pathways for generally modifying and synthesizing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids are found to be essentially the same in all organisms, apart from minor variations. These processes demonstrate the fundamental unit of all ways of life, and are collectively described as primary metabolism. In contrast to these metabolic pathways, which synthesize, degrade, and generally interconvert compounds commonly encountered in all organisms, there is also an area of metabolism concerned with compounds which have a much more limited distribution in nature called secondary metabolism (Dewick, 2009). Secondary metabolites or natural products are commonly reserved for organic compounds of natural origin that are unique to one organism, or common to a small number of closely related organisms (Mann, 2005). Secondary metabolites are not necessarily produced under all conditions, and in the vast majority of cases the function of these compounds and their benefit to the organism are not yet known. In fact, they are usually an expression of the individuality of species (Dewick, 2009). In most examples they appear to be non-essential to the plant, insect, or microorganism producing them. For instance, the morphine only occurs in two species of poppy, Papaver somniferum and P. setigerum, and although it is widely used and abused by man, it has no function which is known in these plants (Mann, 2005). Plants produce a large diversity of natural products which are usually sub-divided in classes according to metabolic pathways at polyketides, lignans, coumarins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, etc. These are of great importance for the plant for their interaction with the environment due to their roles as pollinator attractants, for symbiosis and for defense against attacks by microorganisms, other plants or animals. Moreover, they are economically important to man as a source of pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, insecticides, dyes, food additives, toxins, etc. (Zarate et al., 2010). Structures of an estimated 200,000 natural products have been elucidated (Dixon & Strack, 2003). Nowadays,

Secondary Metabolism as a Measurement of Efficacy of Botanical Extracts: The Use of Azadirachta indica (Neem) as a Model