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Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) possess a wide spectrum of interacting properties that contribute to their broad therapeutic potential: In preand clinical settings MSC have been demonstrated to reduce tissue damage, to activate the endogenous regenerative potential of tissues and to participate in tissue regeneration (Noort, Feye et al. 2010). Initially, MSC have been described to differentiate into derivates of the mesoderm: bone, adipose and cartilage tissue and were therefore applied to restore damaged tissue (Frohlich, Grayson et al. 2008). Subsequent analyses, however, indicated that the repair process does not only lay in the differentiation potential and plasticity of MSC. As demonstrated in later studies even if only few cells were detectable after MSC transplantation, the therapeutic effect was obvious (Fuchs, Baffour et al. 2001; Shake, Gruber et al. 2002). This could be attributed to paracrine properties with consecutive modification of the tissue microenvironment to decrease inflammatory and immune reactions. MSC are therefore beyond doubt promising candidates for cell therapy in various settings (Horwitz, Prockop et al. 2001; Le Blanc, Rasmusson et al. 2004; Prockop 2009; Pontikoglou, Deschaseaux et al. 2011).

Towards Clinical Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Perspectives and Requirements for Orthopaedic Applications