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The first functioning system during embryonic development is the cardiovascular system; the development of other organs and systems is in strict dependence to the emergence and development of blood vessels. Although the interest in the structure and functioning of the vascular system has existed since antiquity, there are still gaps in knowledge of the vascular system development issues. The process of blood vessel formation plays an important role during prenatal development; in the postnatal life, with few exceptions, this process is, normally, poorly expressed. Usually, an augmentation of postnatal vasculogenesis and angiogenesis is associated with pathological situations: healing wounds, certain degenerative diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis) or malignant growth and metastasis. In this context, it becomes imperative to understand the mechanisms and factors involved in tumor angiogenesis. Mainly, tumor angiogenesis repeats at least in some aspects embryonic stages of vascular development. Most studies related to embryonic vascular system development were performed on embryos from other species, and / or cell cultures. Detailed morphogenesis studies, demonstrated the existence of differences between the primitive circulatory system in fish and mammals. In 2004, Ginis and collaborators have conducted a comparative study on cultures of human embryonic versus mice endothelial cells. The authors demonstrated the existence of species-specific differences that are related not only to quantitative aspects, but also to the existence of different signaling pathways. Even when using the same signaling pathways in cells from different species, different members of the same family were involved. Studies on human embryonic tissues, from the points of view stated above, are very rare and controversial; for example, the morphogenesis of embryonic vessels and, the temporal sequence for the onset of smooth muscle actin expression are very well studied and characterized in birds and mice, but not in humans.

Human Embryonic Blood Vessels: What Do They Tell Us About Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis?