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In 1968, Friedenstein et al. isolated clonogeneic spindle-shaped cells from bone marrow (BM) in monolayer cultures, which they called colony-forming-unit fibroblasts (Friedenstein et al., 1974). These cells showed the ability to self-renew and to differentiate toward a mesodermal lineage as adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes and connective stromal cells. Several studies reported that BM-derived multipotential stromal precursor cells can also differentiate into lineages such as ectodermal cells and endodermal cells (Kopen et al., 1999; Pittenger et al., 1999). For this reason, BM-derived stromal cells were first considered to be stem cells by Caplan and were named mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (Caplan, 1991). The Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy proposed the following minimal criteria for defining human MSCs: (1) MSCs must be plastic-adherent when maintained under standard culture conditions, (2) MSCs must express CD105, CD73 and CD90, and lack expression of CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79a or CD19 and HLA-DR surface molecules, (3) MSCs must differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts in vitro (Dominici et al., 2006; Sensebe et al., 2010).

Therapeutic Application of Allogeneic Fetal Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Regenerative Medicine