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1.1 Historical notes The last decade has witnessed profound changes in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Previously, therapeutic options were restricted to the use of conventional chemotherapeutic agents such as hydroxyurea (Goldman, & Marin, 2003) and busulfan (Brodsky, 1993). These were essentially cosmetic treatments, offering only palliative care, and not substantially altering the natural history of the disease. Later in the 90s interferon alpha (IFN┙), was introduced in the therapeutic armamentarium for CML patients (Goldman, 2003). When used at high doses, this agent proved to be superior to conventional chemotherapy in terms of hematological and cytogenetic response rates. In particular, 9or 10-year overall survival (OS) rates in the range of 27% to 53% (Bonifazi, 2001) have been reported. However, residual leukemia was still detectable at the molecular level in the vast majority of patients (Baccarani, 2003). Overall, these observations indicated that none of these treatment options were curative for CML and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation remained the only disease-eradicating therapy, albeit at the price of substantial treatmentrelated mortality, especially for the higher EBMT risk score patients (Gratwohl, 1998 ; Baccarani, 2006; Passweg , 2004).

The Value of Molecular Response in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: The Present and the Future