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Injection of the liquid fuel across the incoming air flow is widely used in gas turbine engine combustors. Thus it is important to understand the mechanisms that control the breakup of the liquid jet and the resulting penetration and distribution of fuel droplets. This understanding is needed for validation of Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) codes that will be subsequently incorporated into engine design tools. Additionally, knowledge of these mechanisms is needed for interpretation of observed engine performance characteristics at different velocity/altitude combinations of the flight envelope and development of qualitative approaches for solving problems such as combustion instabilities (Bonnel et al., 1971). This chapter provides an introduction and literature review into the subject of cross-flow fuel injection and describes the fundamental physics involved. Additionally highlighted are experimental technique and recent experimental data describing the variables involved in fuel spray penetration and fuel column disintegration. In recent years, there has been a great drive to reduce harmful emissions of oxides of Nitrogen oxides (NOx) from aircraft engines. One of the several approaches to achieve low emissions is to avoid hot spots in combustors by creating a lean homogeneous fuel-air mixture just upstream of the combustor inlet. This concept is termed as Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP) combustion. Creating such a mixture requires fine atomization and careful placement of fuel to achieve a high degree of mixing. Liquid jet in cross flow, being able to achieve both of these requirements, has gained interest as a likely candidate for spray creation in LPP ducts (Becker & Hassa, 2002). Since the quality of spray formation directly influences the combustion efficiency of engines, it is important to understand the fundamental physics involved in the formation of spray. As seen in Fig. 1, the field of a spray created by a jet in cross flow can be divided into three modes: 1) Intact liquid column, 2) Ligaments, and 3) Droplets. The liquid column develops hydrodynamic instabilities and breaks up into ligaments and droplets (Marmottant & Villermaux, 2004; Madabushi, 2003; Wu et al., 1997). This process is referred to as primary breakup. The location where the liquid column ceases to exist is known as the column breakup point (CBP) or the fracture point. The ligaments breakup further into smaller droplets and this process is called secondary breakup. The most relevant parameter for drop breakup criterion is the Weber number,

Fuel Jet in Cross Flow - Experimental Study of Spray Characteristics