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Oryza glaberrima, an African monocarpic annual rice derived from Oryza barthii, is grown in traditional rice producing wetland areas of West Africa. Oryza sativa, an Asian rice that varies from annual to perennial, is derived from Oryza rufipogon (Sakagami et al., 1999). Genotypes of O. glaberrima are inherently lower yielding than those of O. sativa and are therefore cultivated in fewer areas (Linares, 2002). However, because they grow adequately in unstable environments such as those with water stress, they appear to tolerate severe environmental stress. Flooding imposes severe selection pressure on plants, principally because excess water in the plant surroundings can deprive them of certain basic needs, notably of oxygen and of carbon dioxide and light for photosynthesis. It is a major abiotic influence on species’ distribution and agricultural productivity world-wide. Strong submergence-induced elongation is a widespread escape mechanism that helps submerged plants regain or retain contact with the aerial environment on which they depend (Arber, 1920). This mechanism enables plants to resume anaerobic metabolism and photosynthetic fixation of CO2 by raising their shoots above water. Escape strategies based on elongation by stem or leaves are prominent characteristics of deep-water and floating rice. However, rapid elongation by leaves of young plants in response to short-term submergence flash flood (for up to 2 weeks) adversely affects tolerance by depleting carbohydrates that would otherwise support survival during and after submergence (Chaturvedi et al., 1995; Setter & Laureles, 1996; Kawano et al., 2002; Ram et al., 2002: Jackson & Ram, 2003; Joho et al., 2008). The submergence tolerance gene, Sub-1A, depresses shoot elongation under short-term submergence to ensure survival. Submergence-tolerant rice varieties tend to accumulate more starch in their stem section than susceptible varieties do. They experience less carbohydrate depletion after submergence (Karin et al., 1982; Emes et al., 1988). To improve the circumstances of tolerant plants to survive under flooding conditions is a major constraint for sustainable agriculture in unstable environments undergoing climate change. Consequently, in this chapter, we describe physiological mechanisms related to photosynthesis on submergence tolerance for rice species that are widely cultivated in West Africa.

Submergence Tolerance of Rice Species, Oryza glaberrima Steudel