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Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in children and adolescents is a medical problem that attracts attention of investigators and clinicians primarily because of the high incidence of this malignancy in individuals exposed to radioactive isotopes of iodine in case of nuclear reactor emergencies. New facts uncovered by various research groups make it possible to see the clinical and pathological peculiarities of these tumours in a new light and suggest that the aetiology can modify the biological behaviour of PTC. In particular, relative monomorphism of the structure of post-Chernobyl cancers was detected and morphology varies depending on the patients’ age and the ti me of radiation exposure (LiVolsi et al., 2011). For 25 years now child and adolescent thyroid cancer patients with and without a history of radiation exposure were concentrated in the Republican Thyroid Cancer Centre in Minsk where they undergo diagnostics, treatment and follow-up (Demidchik et al., 2006). This presents a unique opportunity to compare cases depending on the presumed cancer aetiology and to analyze similarities and differences in the molecular-genetic background of carcinogenesis, morphological structure and extension of these tumours. The purpose of this study was to look into PTC in childhood and adolescence. We analyzed children between 1 and 14 years of age and adolescents between 15 and 18 years of age who were not exposed to known carcinogenic risks such as irradiation and did not have any indications of hereditary thyroid cancers (e.g. specifically cribriform-morular architecture). The second group consisted of patients of the same age in whom second primary papillary cancers of thyroid developed during the surveillance for primary malignancies in other organs or systems that were treated with external irradiation and/or chemotherapy. The third group, containing the largest number of PTC cases, consisted of children and

Papillary Thyroid Cancer in Childhood and Adolescence with Specific Consideration of Patients After Radiation Exposure