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Contrary to general belief, gestation is not always characterized by joy and accomplishments. Many women experience sadness or anxiety in these periods of their lives. Gestation and postpartum (puerperium) are periods of woman s life which involve many physical, hormonal, psychic and social insertion changes which can have a direct effect on her mental health (Camacho et al., 2006). The changes caused by the newborn arrival are not limited to psychological and biochemical variables but also involve socioeconomic factors, especially in societies in which women are active in the labor market, contributing to the family income, and pursuing diverse professional and social interests (Maldonado, 1997). The scientific literature indicates that in the gestational-postpartum period is the phase with the highest prevalence of mental disorders of women s life, particularly in the first and third quarters of gestation and during the first 30 days of postpartum (Botega & Dias, 2006). The intensity of these mental health alterations depend and are regulated by interaction of multiple factors, including organic, family, marital, social, cultural aspects and the pregnant woman’s personality (Falcone et al., 2005). Approximately one fifth of pregnant women and women in puerperium present symptoms of depression (Limlomwongse & Liabsuetrakul, 2006). Most of these women are not diagnosed neither adequately treated (Andersson et al, 2003). Depression is the most prevalent mental disorder during pregnancy and the puerperium period (Bennett et al., 2004) and is associated with risk factors such as a psychiatric history, financial hardships, low education level, teenage pregnancy, lack of social support, stressful events and a history of domestic violence. There is evidence that pre-natal depression is not only more common, but it constitutes the main risk factor for postpartum depression. Indeed, in many cases it is the continuation of the depression that started during pregnancy (Alami et al., 2006; Andersson et al., 2006; Da Costa et al., 2000; Heron et al., 2004; Josefsson et al., 2001; Lovisi et al., 2005; Patel et al., 2003; Rich-Edwards et al., 2006; Ryan et al., 2005). Current studies suggest that gestational depression needs to be addressed in a more consistent manner. Although there is a consensus that the factors that affect the relationship

Depression During Pregnancy: Review of Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects in Developed and Developing Countries