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The anatomy and physiology of the healthy periodontium will be described in its relationship to the natural dentition, jaws, and the oral environment. The periodontium serves as the supporting apparatus for the teeth in function and in occlusal relationships. It consists of the alveolar mucosa, gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The embryonic origin, composition, and histological and clinical appearance with normal physiologic variations are presented in order to facilitate an understanding of their relationships in health and to understand the processes that occur in pathology. This will include macroscopic, microscopic, and radiographic details of the components of the periodontium. The knowledge of the details of the tissue compartments, the cells which are involved, and how the cellular products and the cells interact will provide a greater understanding of the functional operation of the periodontium. The response to aging and the normal maturation of the periodontium will also be discussed in relation to its macroscopic, microscopic, and radiographic changes to enhance the appreciation of the changes in the appearance, properties, and responses to functional and physiologic stimuli. A thorough understanding of the components that form the supporting structures of the teeth will provide the necessary starting point from which to establish an appreciation of the interactive and adaptive nature of the system as well as a reference point of how the periodontium changes when pathologic, normal and excessive physiologic, and inflammatory stimuli stress the components.

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Healthy Periodontium