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Great concerns are growing up on environmental impact of fossil fuel and poor air quality in urban areas due to traffic-related air pollution. In the last years, special attention was paid mainly to particulate matter (PM) and NOx emissions of diesel engines since these pollutants are associated to environmental and health issues. In particular, NOx contributes to the formation of ozone and acid rains and PM could cause injuries to the pulmonary and the cardiovascular systems. Nowadays, the overall concern about the global warming determines an increased interest also for CO2 emissions, one of the major greenhouse gas (GHG). In this respect, a significant improvement can be reached with the increased use of ‘‘clean’’ and renewable fuels. It is well known, in fact, that the use of biofuels can contribute to a significant well-to-wheel (WTW) reduction of GHG emissions. The most interesting biofuel is the biodiesel and the fuels synthesised from fossil or biogenic gas. Biodiesel designates a wide range of methyl-esters blends and is generally indicated with the acronym FAME, Fatty-Acid Methyl Esters. Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through the transesterification, an energy efficient process that gives a significant advantage in terms of CO2 emission and that features both high energy conversion efficiency and fuel yield from processed oil. These two characteristics are the main responsible for the overall GHG emissions benefit of biodiesel in WTW analyses [1]. More recently, starting from the well-known Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process, another generation of alternative diesel fuel was developed. It is usually indicated with XTL, where X denotes the specific source feedstock and TL (to Liquid) highlights the final liquid state of the fuel. It has minor interferences with the human food chain, since non-edible biomasses can be employed or, in case of animal-edible biomasses, the whole plant can be processed, as for the cellulosic ethanol production. From the engine fuelling point of view, the significant difference between the two biofuels lies in their chemical composition. The first is essentially a blend of methyl-esters and the second of paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons. Because of the growing concerns about the energy crops impact on environment and food price, an increasing number of countries and stakeholders have recently challenged FAME biofuels. On the contrary, the XTL fuels, which

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The Key Role of the Electronic Control Technology in the Exploitation of the Alternative Renewable Fuels for Future Green, Efficient and Clean Diesel Engines