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The rapid chemical and mechanical technification of production systems has greatly contributed to the current social, environmental and economic crises. Especially over the past decade, it has become even more evident that these transformations are putting at serious risk the integrity of the planet’s social and ecological systems (MEA, 2005). At the beginning of the new millennium, the need to reflect about better ways to regulate and organize the current management practices, as well as analyzing how their effects can be buffered, has come consistently to the fore (Chapin et al 2006; Orstrom, 2007). The negative effects of such technification are due greatly to the fact that there is not a specific set of laws and regulations that considers the planet’s Socio-Ecological Systems (SSE) as a whole. In addition, technology has been applied within a competition based, market economy framework. Since the seventies it has become increasingly evident that this model favors unequal power relations resulting in a few individuals maintaining control over a few, jeopardizing the wellbeing of other social groups. This is the case of native people in Latin America that for diverse historic and cultural reasons have maintained their social, economic and political organization practices. Connected with this scenario, the market economy model has not been able to prevent the implications of overexploiting natural resources. The result has been irreversible biological and cultural diversity losses, as well as the dramatic reduction of survival possibilities for the current and future human populations (MEA, 2005). In Latin America, this problem is acute. One of the central reasons is rooted in the history of Iberic colonization of American territories. During this process, the Spanish imposed their own land management strategies, as well as their ways to regulate the society over American societies and ecosystems that were radically different from European ones. After the new nations became independent, a large part of the new governments maintained segregation policies implemented during the colony. Only until 1957, native people were recognized internationally as citizens with the same fundamental rights as other human

The Cultural Weight of Nature: The Intra and Inter-Institutional Conflicts About Biodiversity and Ethnicity in Chile and Mexico