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Cartilage tissue has only one cell type, the chondrocyte, wich is immerse in extracellular matrix composed mainly by collagen type II. Because of such properties, cartilage tissue doens’t heal spontaneously after a lesion, which with time becomes progressive and chronic. Cartilage lesions may be caused by automobile and sport accidents, as well as by normal wear due to age, and usually generate severe pain and difficulty of mobility in patients. Therefore, cartilage disease is a common type of lesion to which everyone is susceptible and represents a very important public health problem in the world (Willians et al, 2006). Initial therapies to treat cartilage lesions included replacement surgery with artificial or natural organs and tissue grafts. Artificial and natural organ transplants and tissue grafts, on the other hand, are able to fully replace organs or tissues, but require continuous and permanent immune therapy to reduce immunological response to graft and to increase the longevity of transplanted tissue. Therefore, although major progresses were done in the field of cartilage tissue regenerative medicine during the years, current therapies still present limitations. Moreover, no adequate cartilage substitute has been developed. Thus, most of the severe injuries related to cartilage are still unrecoverable or not adequately treated. Therefore, these methods are helpful but need modification to develop better novel or alternative therapies (Ikada et al, 2006 and Tabata et al, 2009). In such context emerges tissue engineering, which has been defined by Langer and Vacanti as: ‘‘an interdisciplinary field of research that applies the principles of engineering and the life sciences towards the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function” (Salgado et al, 2004). Tissue Engineering or Bioengineering is based on three elements: (i) cells; (ii) scaffolds and (iii) signalling molecules. These elements integrate themselves and promote the new tissue development (Langer and Vacanti, 1993; Ikada et al, 2006 and Chiang et al, 2009). In order to mimic tissue structure, tissue engineering also requires 3 dimensional cell cultures, which, in contrast to traditional bidimensional cell culture, has only been developed recently. Nowadays, it is beyond dispute that this cell culture strategy presents many advantages,

Cartilage Tissue Engineering Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells and 3D Chitosan Scaffolds – In vitro and in vivo Assays