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The non-viral introduction of genes into mammalian cells (transfection) is of growing interest for tissue engineering and used as an alternative to viral transfer of recombinant genes. The introduction of a foreign gene into cells in vivo is often limited to the use of viral vectors such as adeno or retroviruses (Rochliz, C.F., 2001, Kahn, A., 2000). Viral vectors may present several disadvantages or side effects, which can be disastrous. Adenoviruses produce proteins, which can trigger immune reactions. Furthermore, the expression of a gene transduced with a viral vector is transient and can be shortened when an immune reaction occurs against the viral proteins. It must also be noted that the selection of cells, which are transduced by the virus is very poor and its efficiency is dependent on the stage the cell is in. A number of non-viral vectors have been explored and used to date i.e. lipid-based carriers, hydrogel polymers, polycationic lipids, polylysine, polyornithine, histones and other chromosomal proteins, hydrogen polymers, precipitated calcium phosphate (Maurer, N., et al., 1999; Cullis, P.R., Chonn, A., 1998; Zauner, W., 1998; Ramsay, E., et al., 2000 ; Schwartz, B, 1999; Leong, W., 1998; Perez, C., et al., 2001; Graham, F.J. et al, 1973). Most of these vectors are usable in vitro but are difficult to apply in vivo, especially when a local transfection to a specific cell line must be achieved. Transfection using polymer matrices i.e. gel, foams or bulk material have recently been developed to overcome these difficulties (Lauffenburger, D.A., and Schaffer, D.V., 1999). They are polycationic and are able to adsorb the negatively charged DNA molecules on their surfaces (Bonadio et al.). This concept is also extended to calcium phosphate ceramics which are widely used in human surgery as bone substitutes, cell carriers, or even thin layers at the surface of metal alloys to improve their integration by bones (Frayssinet, P., et al., 1998; Frayssinet, P., et al., 1992). The use of calcium phosphate ceramics for gene delivery presents several advantages. These matrices are biocompatible and are totally degradable by the cells of the monocyte lineage (Frayssinet, P., et al., 1994). Their behaviour in the organism is well known. This matrix was tested in jaw bones in order to transfect bone and dental ligament cells to increase bone formation during parodontal disease. We adsorbed a plasmid DNA containing an Escherichia coli galactosidase gene (Lac-Z) at the surface of hydroxyapatite ceramic particles which were implanted at the junction between the incisor dental ligament and bone of rabbit jaws.

Transfection of Bone Cells In Vivo Using HA-Ceramic Particles - Histological Study