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Among abiotic stresses, high salinity is the most severe environmental stress, impairing crop production on at least 20% of irrigated land worldwide. In addition, the increased salinity of arable land is expected to have devastating global effects, resulting in up to 50% land loss by the middle of the 21st century. Furthermore, there is a deterioration of about 2 million ha (1% of world agricultural lands) because of salinity each year (Mahajan & Tuteja, 2005). Critically, the problem of salinization is increasing due to the accumulation of tons of salts into the soil as a consequence of bad agricultural practices (e.g., use of fertilizers on a massive scale), draining of aquifers, and a limited regional rainfall. Irrigated land is particularly at risk with approximately one-third being significantly affected by salinity. Despite its relatively small area, irrigated land is estimated to produce one-third of world’s food (Munns, 2002), so salinization of this resource is particularly critical. Water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions has forced the increased use of recycled wastewater and desalination of salty groundwater resources for agriculture use. Current technologies to desalinate or purify recycled waste-water for agricultural use can effectively reduce the concentrations of most toxic elements with the significant exception of boron (B). Boron in recycled water is often concentrated substantially as a result of the recycling process and as such can significantly impact agricultural soils. Therefore irrigation with saline groundwater containing high B concentration occurs in parts of the world where there is a notable scarcity of water. The relations between salinity and mineral nutrition of horticultural crops are extremely complex and a complete understanding of the intricate interactions involved would require the input from multidisciplinary team of scientists. Thus, although information about their independent effects is abundant, information about the combined effects of salinity and B is very limited.

Salt Stress in Vascular Plants and Its Interaction with Boron Toxicity