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The bladder wall is coated with various mannosylated proteins which interfere with the binding of bacteria to the uroepithelium. As binding is an important factor in establishing pathogenicity for these organisms, its disruption results in reduced capacity for invasion of the tissues.[1a,b] Moreover, the unbound bacteria are more easily removed when voiding. The use of urinary catheters (or other physical trauma) may physically disturb this protective lining, thereby allowing bacteria to invade the exposed epithelium.[1a,b]Over ninety percent of all UTIs are ascending and starting with colonization of periuretheral area.[1c-d] The most common organism implicated in Urinary tract infections UTIs (80–85%) is E. coli,[1a,b] while Staphylococcus saprophyticus is the cause in 5–10%. [1a,b] The genus Escherichia coli (E.coli) with five species is a member of Entrobacteriaceae family. This gram negative bacilli is associated with a variety of diseases, such as urinary tract nfections(UTIs), meningitis and so on. E.coli can produce adhesins (P pili, AAF/I,AAF/III,..) which bind to cells lining the bladder and upper urinary tract.[1c-d] During cystitis, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) subvert innate defenses by invading superficial umbrella cells and rapidly increasing in numbers to form intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs).[1,2] By working together, bacteria in biofilms build themselves into structures that are more firmly anchored in infected cells and are more resistant to immune-system assaults and antibiotic treatments.[2a,b] This is often the cause of chronic urinary tract infections. Bacteruria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. There are no signs in asymptomatic Bacteruria but bacteria are isolated; in these cases treatment is necessary for pregnant women and patients who have instrument in genitourinary tract. Therefore, infection is defined by clinical parameters and special situations, no by identification of microbe solely.[1c-d] In complicated or questionable cases, confirmation via urinalysis, looking for the presence of nitrites, leukocytes, or leukocyte esterase, or via urine microscopy, looking

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Effect Investigation of Aqueous Cranberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) Extract in Accompanied with Antibiotics on Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) Created by Escherichia coli in Vitro