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Congenital defect, posttraumatic asymmetries, and depressive deformities in craniofacial skeleton are common in the craniomaxillofacial surgical practice. In these patients, the injury or hypoplasty zone and precise shape of the implant that will fill the bone defect must be determined preoperatively, and an appropriate estimate of the quantity of bone needed must be made before plastic surgery. A combination of digital medical technology and tissue engineering has shown great promise for repairing these defects. Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems can manipulate three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) images of bone, using a virtual reality force feedback device. Rapid prototyping (RP) is an exceptional innovation in engineering that has been applied to medicine to build models that provide both visual and tactile information. CAD/CAM and RP techniques allow the generation of scaffolds for cell delivery that are custom-made to fit into given bone defects. Craniomaxillofacial bone is irregular and has a subtle 3D structure, and individualized repair of bone defects is very important. CAD, CAM, laser scanning and RP technologies have therefore been applied in craniomaxillofacial surgery. The scaffolds employed must fit into the anatomical defect and must have sufficient mechanical integrity as well as a controllable degradation rate. The synthetic biodegradable polymers poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly (glycolic acid) (PGA) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) have attracted much attention in tissue engineering because of their excellent biocompatibility, ease of fabrication into desired shapes, uniform quality and controllable degradation timescales compared to natural macromolecules. The cells for bone tissue engineering must be available in large numbers and must be able to express the cartilage and bone phenotypes. Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into fibroblastic, osteogenic and adipogenic cells. The method for harvesting these cells is well established, and BMSC lines can be readily propagated for long periods without losing their potency. Many BMSCs can be cultured, enabling fabrication of

Usage of Rapid Prototyping Technique in Customized Craniomaxillofacial Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffold