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In its original concept, vaccination aims to mimic the development of naturally acquired immunity by inoculation of nonpathogenic but still immunogenic components of the pathogen in question, or closely related organisms. Vaccination is one of the most effective tools allowing near or complete eradication of fatal diseases. In recent times, vaccination was based on conventional approaches that were successful in several diseases but they require the pathogen to be grown in laboratory conditions, are time-consuming and allow for the identification of only the most abundant antigens, which can be purified in quantities suitable for vaccine testing. The conventional approach to vaccine development uses two methods: first, attenuation of pathogens by serial passages in vitro to obtain live-attenuated strains to be used as vaccines, and second, identification of protective antigens to be used in non-living, subunit vaccines. Using conventional vaccinology, vaccines targeting pathogens with low antigenic variability and those for which protection depends on antibody mediated immunity like polio, MMR, Tetanus, Influenza, and Diptheria, had been licensed. Furthermore, if we are dealing with non-cultivatable microorganisms or have high antigenic variability or need T cell-dependent induced immunity like MenB, TB, HIV, Hepatitis B & C, Malaria and parasite diseases, there is no advance to development a specific vaccine. With the development of the DNA sequencing technologies in the 1970s till recent years, we observed the completion of the sequencing of the genome of humans, a number of invertebrate species including Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans and expanding number of microbial pathogens of medical and economic importance (Dalton et al., 2003). Expansion of these sequence information developed new approaches to decode, analyze and share these massive genetic data. The most widely used term for these approaches is the genomics. Genomics, studying the genome of organisms as a whole, and postgenomics technologies including investigating RNA (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), identification of immunogenic proteins (immunomics) and metabolites (metabolomics), have had a considerable impact in all areas of biological research (Bambini and Rappuoli, 2009), and the field of vaccinology is no exception. There are many examples using these approaches to develop vaccines but this chapter will focus on the possible genome based approaches to confer vaccine developed immunity against two examples of endoand ecto-parasites such as malaria and ticks, respectively.

Genome Based Vaccines Against Parasites