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Though considerable sequence information from different organisms was available prior to the recent advances in genome sequencing technology, the foundation for our current understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis was laid by the release of the first complete genome sequence of Heamophilus influenza in 1995 (Fraser-Liggett, 2005). Ever since, significant progress in the availability of data for different genomes has been possible due to the contribution of various genome sequencing projects (Koonin & Wolf, 2008). Despite the complete genome sequences of many pathogenic organisms being available, the mortality rates due to these infectious agents still remains a problem, highlighting the need to decipher the complex molecular mechanisms responsible for survival of the bacteria. The wealth of complete genome information for pathogens can be effectively explored using comparative genomic tools for the identification of common and unique sets of genes involved in the propagation of virulence. Sequence comparison tools have been developed to identify homologous genes from the complete genomes of microorganisms. Homologous genes which arise from speciation tend to maintain functions similar to that of their ancestral molecule and are known as orthologs, while the genes originating from duplication events often evolve new functions and are defined as paralogs (Tatusov et al., 1997). The world of microbes is highly diverse with genome complexity differing across a wide range of microorganisms. In general, the difference in the complexity of genomes is dictated by the life style and environment of the organism (Cordero & Hogeweg, 2009). Life style plays an important role in regulating the genome dynamics of an organism, and functional novelty provided by gene duplication is thought to enhance the adaptation capability of the organism. In addition, horizontal transfer of operons or functional units of genes from external sources may provide an immediate functional benefit to the organism, thereby adding to the functional complexity of the genomes. The availability of complete genome sequences of important mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium and others, can be used to gain deeper insights into possible

Analysis of Duplicate Gene Families in Microbial Genomes and Application to the Study of Gene Duplication in M. tuberculosis