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Cancer has become the leading cause of death worldwide in the year 2010, according to a new edition of the World Cancer Report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (World Health Organization, 2010). Despite the advance in the development of novel chemotherapeutic drugs, the dismal prognosis facing most cancer patients may result from the ability of cancer to withstand drug treatment, recur and metastasize after initial therapies. There is accumulating evidence in support of a central role for cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the initiation, propagation and recurrence of human cancers. Therefore, targeting CSCs has become an attractive research topic for the improvement of treatment outcome and prolongation of patient survival. However, CSCs are endowed with the ability to survive against chemoand radiation therapy. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying CSC resistance is badly needed. This chapter provides a review about evidence supporting a fundamental role for CSCs in cancer progression, and summarizes potential mechanisms of CSC resistance to treatment, with emphasis on the involvement of multidrug resistance transporters and their regulation in CSCs.

Multidrug Resistance Transporters – Roles in maintaining Cancer Stem-Like Cells