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Metallic alloys are commonly used in orthopedic implants. Some attempts were investigated for replacing the human organs or joints. Without being exhaustive, some key points of the history of the orthopedic implants could be presented (Callaghan, 2007): - In 1826, the first pseudoarthrosis was practiced by J. Barton with a wood piece of the hip joint; - In 1891, the first femoral head in ivory was implanted by T. Gluck (Gluck, 1890); - In 1923, the "Molded arthroplasty" using hollow hemisphere made of glass was practiced by M.N. Smith-Petersen; - In 1936, the first acrylic femoral stem was implanted by Judet's brothers. One might suggest the implanted materials are close to the organic materials in terms of natural origin. The last one, acrylic polymer, would be a dedicated material because their mechanical properties are close to the ones of bone. However the mechanical and tribological properties are not sufficient for being enough resistants. Thus the metallic implants were investigated because of their better mechanical properties, elastic modulus and tensile strength. Following, few important dates are suggested: - In 1938, M.N. Smith-Petersen used the Vitallium® made of Co-Cr-Mo, Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum, alloy for the femoral stem; - In 1949, Judet's brothers implanted the first total hip arthroplasty (Judet, 1949); - Finally, in 1962, Sir J. Charnley imposed the low friction arthroplasty with a femoral stem made of 316L stainless steel (Charnley, Livingstone, 1970; Charnley, Springer, 1970).Finally 3 main materials are implanted as femoral stem or metallic components: the titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, the stainless steel, 316L SS, and the cobalt-chromium alloy (Park, 1992). The first one is dedicated to the femoral stem, the second one is used as material for manufacturing femoral stem, metal back and possibly the head for Metal on Polymer, MoP, contact, the third metal could be investigated as the Head and cup assembly for Metal on Metal, MoM, assembly, the head component for MoP assembly and no frequently the femoral stem. Figure 1 highlights the different assemblies involved in the femoral stem. The ceramic material will not be presented in this work.

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Role of Proteins on the Electrochemical Behavior of Implanted Metallic Alloys, Reproducibility and Time-Frequency Approach from EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy)