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The harmful effects of air pollution on human health have been observed in both overall mortality1-9 and mortality from specific causes such as cardiovascular disease10-16 or respiratory diseases13,17-19. Effects on morbidity have also been observed and include increases in respiratory symptoms in children, decreases in lung function21-23, increase respiratory diseases24,25, or simply an increase in school absenteeism26,27. More recently, several studies have used the number of hospitalizations as an indicator of the effects of pollution on health28-34. Considering the amount of research that have been produced in many countries, various issues, however, deserve further elucidation, for example, which pollutants would be more associated with the effects investigated or which individuals more susceptible to these hazardous exposures. A recent study that uses data from several cities showed that daily exposure to volatile pollutants appears to be associated with respiratory hospital admissions than exposure to particulate matter with a diameter of up to 10 microns (PM10)35. The effects of air pollutants seem to relate differently between men and women. Kotesovec and colleagues (2000)36, observed a significant increase in daily mortality associated with increased levels of Total Solid Particulate (TSP) and SO2 in men until 65 and not among women of similar age, while that for the population over 65 years the mortality significantly increased only among women. Zanobetti and Schwartz (2000)37 showed that the effect of PM10 on mortality could be modified by gender, the curve of deaths among women 1/3 higher than that of men. In relation to cancer, and more specifically to lung cancer, several studies have shown differences in the occurrence of this disease between urban and rural areas38. It is assumed that this difference can be attributed to different carcinogens in environmental pollutants, but the difficulty of confirming this hypothesis is due to the presence of other risk factors that also are implicated in the etiology of disease, including active and passive smoking and occupational exposures.

Air Pollution and Outpatient Treatment and Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in Children in Southeast Region of Brazil