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Tuberculosis (TB) is an international infectious disease problem, but people in the developing countries are the major sufferers (World Health Organization, 2010). The disease in humans is primarily caused by a pathogenic mycobacterial species known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The current estimates suggest that about 1/3rd of the world population is latently infected with M. tuberculosis, 9 million people develop the active disease and 1.7 million die of TB each year (World Health Organization, 2009). Among infectious diseases, TB is the second top most killer of adults, after HIV/AIDS, and is among the overall top 10 causes of death in the world (World Health Organization, 2008). The global problem of TB is so serious that it has been declared “a global emergency” by the World Health Organization (WHO), the first declaration of its kind by WHO. Several factors have contributed in the deterioration of the global problem of TB, which include the increase in the incidence of drug-resistant TB (multi and extensive drug resistance), migration of people, due to political and economic reasons, from poor and highly endemic countries to countries with low endemicity, and co-infection with M. tuberculosis and HIV (Borgdorff et al., 2010; Chiang et al., 2010; Semba et al., 2010). The worldwide control of TB requires costeffective, sensitive and specific methods to diagnose latent as well as active TB, and vaccines that can provide protection in all human populations irrespective of their immune status, geographical locations and environmental conditions (Mustafa, 2009, 2010). Tuberculin skin test (TST) is considered the standard test for the diagnosis of infection with M. tuberculosis. The test involves intradermal injection of purified protein derivative (PPD), which is a poorly defined and crude mixture of secreted and somatic proteins present in the culture filtrate of M. tuberculosis. For TST, PPD is injected in the forearm and the ensuing delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reaction (induration) is read after 48 to 72 h. A DTH reaction with induration of 10 mm or greater is considered positive in immunocompetent subjects (Mahadevan et al., 2005; Moffitt & Wisinger, 1996). Although, PPD has been used for TB diagnosis and epidemiological studies for more than half a century, it cannot distinguish between active disease, prior sensitization by contact with M.

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Molecular Cloning, Expression, Purification and Immunological Characterization of Proteins Encoded by Regions of Difference Genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis