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Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as a condition, in which regular amount of insulin is insufficient to develop physiological respond of the cell. For this reason there is constantly great need for increased level of this hormone within insulin resistant body. Very important factors leading to insulin resistance development are environmental components such as inappropriate diet and sedentary life style. A great important role in insulin resistance pathogenesis plays genetic background, as IR develops more frequently in families with positive history of metabolic disorders. There are severe anomalies in expression level of genes playing role in regulation of insulin action detected in patients with impaired insulin sensitivity. Regulation of gene expression can be exerted at either transcriptional level or post-transcriptional level. The former is related to the primary gene sequence located in the promoter region and it is responsible for controlling whether a gene is transcribed or not. The later utilizes regions of transcript not being translated, located at 5’ and 3’ end of the mRNA named the Untranslated Regions (UTRs). The main roles of UTRs are transcript stability control, initiation or inhibition of translation and sub-cellular localization in the cytoplasm. Regulation by UTRs is mediated in several ways, mainly by interaction of regulatory motifs in UTRs with numerous proteins as well as regulation by microRNA.

The Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Untranslated Regions (Utrs) in Insulin Resistance Pathogenesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes