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In the last decade an extensive and exhaustive research has focused on morphological and physiological features of mammalian male germ cell development defining a strict correlation between structural and molecular changes occurring from spermatogonia to spermatids and spermatozoa (Hermo et al., 2010 a-e; Inselman et al., 2003). The proliferation and meiotic phases whereby spermatogonia undergo several mitotic divisions to form spermatocytes and then haploid spermatids through two further meioses, have been studied in detail and the morphological, structural and functional features that are common to all generations of germ cells, elucidated (Hermo et al., 2010 a-e). This review will discuss only of those general features strictly related to the molecular events to be treated and will focus on the cell development arising from the dramatic changes in chromatin density and composition taking place during the differentiation process up to the late stages of spermatid maturation (spermiogenesis). The progression from diploid spermatogonia to haploid spermatozoa involves stageand testis-specific gene expression, mitotic and meiotic division, and the histone-protamine changes (Grimes & Smart, 1985; Inselman et al., 2003; Meistrich et al., 1992, 2003). Alterations in DNA topology that occur in this process require both an exchange of histones to transition proteins and then to protamines, and the formation of DNA strand breaks (Aitken, 2009; Marcon & Boissonneault, 2004; Meistrich et al., 2003; Sakkas et al., 1995, 2010). The high frequency of DNA strand breaks during spermatogenesis needs a finely regulated DNA repair process, involving poly(ADPribosyl)ation of proteins among other mechanisms (Aitken & De Juliis, 2010; Meyer-Ficca et al., 2009) as the function of specific histone modifications, chromatin modifiers, DNA repair, DNA methylation, also the knowledge of the meaning of germ cell protein poly-ADPribosylation and of its relationship with DNA repair has made a great progress and here will be summarized and discussed.

Mammalian Spermatogenesis, DNA Repair, Poly(ADP-ribose) Turnover: the State of the Art