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Southern Italy has geographical, climatic, historical and traditional peculiarities summarized in a landscape to which olive trees are the backdrop. Olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea) is cultivated since the third millennium B.C. in the Eastern region of the Mediterranean sea (Loukas & Krimbas, 1983) and spread later around the basin following land and maritime routes to Italy, Spain, North Africa and France (Angiolillo et al., 1999). The plant longevity, the cross-pollinating nature of the species and its secular history contributed to determine a wide germplasm biodiversity with more than 1200 cultivars, 9.992 thousand harvested hectares and a total production of 18 million tons (Tab.1; FAO 2009) mostly concentrated in the main olive oil producing countries (Alba et al., 2009a). Europe alone produces the 69% of the total worldwide production (Fig. 1). Italy is one of the main producers and has a rich assortment of olive cultivars, with a total number of 395 registered entries in the national list of O. europaea L. Italian cultivars (Official Journal of the Italian Republic, 1994), covering 1,18 million hectares and a total production of 3.6 million tons (ISTAT, 2010). The 80% of the cultivation is mostly concentrated in Southern Italy, where the production touches the 88% of the whole Italian olive production. In particular, Apulia region alone produces 1/3 of the total (about 1,7 milion tons) (Tab. 2). Nowadays olive-growing has a crucial commercial role in many Italian regions with a richness of biodiversity spread from North to South in terms of cultivars grown, agronomic practices, processes of transformation of the raw material. Therefore, the preservation and protection of Italian olive biodiversity depends upon the use of genetic research tools like molecular markers for a correct cultivar identification. In countries that belong to the “Union Internationale pour la Protection des Obtentions Vegetales” (UPOV) the registration, multiplication, certification, and commercialization of olive varieties rely on the evaluation of morpho-agronomic descriptors. Recently, morphological, biochemical and agronomic traits have been complemented with the large array of DNA molecular marker types

Olive (Olea Europaea L.): Southern-Italian Biodiversity Assessment and Traceability of Processed Products by Means of Molecular Markers