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The Y-box factors are a family of proteins that have been structurally and functionally conserved throughout evolution (Wolffe et al., 1992). They are transcription factors that are expressed in a wide range of cell types from bacteria to human cells. They are called Y-box proteins after the specificity originally shown for human YB-1 in binding the Y-box sequence CTGATTGGCCAA present in the promoter region of major histocompatibility complex class II genes (Didier et al., 1988). Y-box proteins have emerged as key players in cellular metabolism. These proteins are capable of binding one or more types of nucleic acids, singleor double-stranded DNA or RNA. The negative or positive modulation of transcription by YB-1 causes diverse biological effects on a wide array of genes, modification of chromatin (Ashizuka et al., 2002), translational masking of mRNA (Evdokimova et al., 2006), cooperation in eukaryotic redox signaling pathways (Swamynathan et al., 2002), RNA chaperoning (Matsumoto et al., 2005) and stress response regulation (Swamynathan et al, 1998). The nuclear functions of YB-1 also include a role in DNA replication (En-Nia et al., 2005) and repair (Marenstein et al., 2001) as well as mRNA transport into the cytoplasm (Soop et al., 2003) (Figure 1). YB-1 protein is a member of the DNA-binding protein family. It binds to the Y-box, an inverted CCAAT box, in the promoter region of many oncogenes and regulates their activity, for example the human multidrug resistance 1 gene, which encodes P-glycoprotein (P-gp) (Kuwano et al., 2004; Gluz et al., 2009), the cell division cycle 6 gene, which promotes cell cycle progression (Basaki et al., 2010), and the membrane type I-matrix metalloproteinase, which facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis (Lovett et al., 2010). P-glycoprotein was first identified by virtue of its overexpression in multidrug resistant (MDR) tumor cells, where it mediates the energy-dependent efflux of a variety of chemotherapeutic agents (Trambas et al., 1997). The human class I P-glycoprotein is known to transport phospholipids, cholesterol, calcium channel blockers, immunosuppressants, peptides, steroids and xenobiotics (Bauer et al., 2005). More recent studies suggest that

Nuclear Translocation of YB-1 Protein Induced by Ultraviolet Light and the Investigational Gallium Drug GaQ3 in Melanoma Cells