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Cyanobacterial blooms seasonally arise as a concern to some drinking water suppliers due to the massive input of cells, the release of algogenic organic matter (AOM) into the water and often the production of cyanotoxins as secondary metabolites. Cyanotoxins may cause a wide range of adverse health effects, including skin irritation, neurotoxic damage, gastroenteritis, liver damage, tumour promotion and ultimately death, and their removal is therefore a major goal in water treatment. An optimal water treatment requires the removal of intact cyanobacterial cells (particulate matter) (Drikas et al., 2001), given that cyanotoxins are largely intracellular and cell-bound, as well as the removal of soluble compounds, since there is always a fraction of cyanotoxins that is released into the water by cell-ageing or induced cell damage (Sivonen & Jones, 1999; Pietsch et al., 2002). Conventional treatment is considered ineffective for the removal of dissolved cyanotoxins, making the study and implementation of alternative technologies crucial to minimise or eliminate their negative impact. Hybrid membrane processes of PAC/UF (powdered activated carbon adsorption/ ultrafiltration) were recently developed for controlling pesticides, taste and odour compounds and disinfection-by-products in drinking water treatment. PAC/UF combines the PAC ability to adsorb organics, e.g. dissolved toxins, with the effective removal of particles by low-pressure UF membranes, including cyanobacterial cells and the associated intracellular and cell-bound toxins. Despite its high potential for controlling cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in drinking water, there is a lack of knowledge regarding PAC/UF application on this environmental-health issue. This chapter addresses the removal of cyanobacterial cells and toxins from drinking water by PAC/UF hybrid process, focusing on the main questions involving each technology and the singularities of these environmental-health hazards. The chapter summarises the results of a comprehensive study performed with a commercial fine-grade mesoporous PAC and a lab-scale UF apparatus. Laboratory cultured cells of Microcystis aeruginosa and the associated microcystins were studied. M. aeruginosa is one of the most commonly occurring cyanobacteria and grows in laboratory as single cells, which is an advantage for this study. Due to its small size, M.

PAC/UF for Removing Cyanobacterial Cells and Toxins from Drinking Water