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“Seeing is believing.” This may not be true in all areas of biomedical research, but identifying cellular characteristics of tumors and specifying their anatomical locations are the most important processes for diagnosing and treating tumors. Furthermore, various imaging techniques with various modalities have been introduced to investigate disease progression, track the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs, and in clinical applications. Reconstructing images at the molecular level has been realized with the dramatic advancement in energy sources, detectors, computational methods, and instruments. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound imaging are well-known imaging techniques that have tremendously improved not only preclinical research but also clinical treatment. Contrastenhanced CT, MRI and PET have permitted non-invasive detection of abnormal tissues, particularly for tumor research and clinical applications. Imaging techniques currently used for brain tumor research vary with purpose and imaging characteristics. The techniques can be grouped by three aspects: (1) energy, (2) spatial resolution, and (3) type of information obtained (Weissleder & Pittet, 2008). The energies generally used for these techniques are X-rays (e.g., classic X-ray imaging, CT, multidetector CT), magnetic fields (e.g., MRI and diffusion MRI), positrons (e.g., PET), sound waves (e.g., ultrasound imaging, interventional ultrasound imaging), photons (e.g., bioluminescence imaging, fluorescence reflectance imaging, fluorescence-mediated tomography, and laser scanning microscopy imaging), and combinations of such modalities (e.g., PET-CT, PET-MRI, CT, or MRI with fluorescence-mediated tomography). The techniques can also be distinguished by spatial resolution and the information obtained: (1) macroscopic, (2) mesoscopic, and (3) microscopic or (1) anatomical, (2) physiological, and (3) cellular and molecular.

Current Optical Imaging Techniques for Brain Tumor Research: Application of in vivo Laser Scanning Microscopy Imaging with a Cranial Window System