English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Hormonal regulation of the growth of breast cancer cells has been largely seen to result from interactions of estrogen and progestins with nuclear receptors for these steroids that may reside, unliganded, in cytoplasm or be transcriptionally active as steroid-protein nuclear receptor complexes. Receptors for nonpeptide hormones exist in the plasma membrane, however, and when activated may stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation. For example, the functional classical estrogen receptor-α (ERα) is found in the cell membrane. Recently, the identification has been made of a novel receptor for thyroid hormone and for dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the plasma membrane of cells; this receptor is the αvβ3 integrin, which promotes proliferation of human breast cancer cells by these two hormones. Integrins are heterodimeric structural proteins of the plasma membrane whose primary functions are to interact with extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors. One integrin, αvβ3, bears discrete receptors for thyroid hormone (L-thyroxine, T4; 3, 5, 3’-triiodo-L-thyronine, T3) and for DHT. A receptor for the polyalcohol, resveratrol, also exists on this integrin in breast cancer cells, mediating the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic action of this compound. Resveratrol has certain structural features that are estrogen-like. Disparate actions of T4, T3, DHT and resveratrol that are initiated at the integrin depend downstream upon stimulation of the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), suggesting the existence of distinct, function-specific pools of MAPK within the cell. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) is a model specific inhibitor of hormone actions on the thyroid hormone integrin receptor. Tetrac and a nanoparticulate formulation of tetrac block stimulation by thyroid hormone analogues of cancer cell proliferation and of angiogenesis. Interestingly, tetrac also acts in the absence of T4 and T3 to block the tumor-relevant angiogenic responses to vascular growth factors, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and other growth factors. Tetrac and nanoparticulate tetrac also

Newly-Recognized Small Molecule Receptors on Human Breast Cancer Cell Integrin αvβ3 that Affect Tumor Cell Behavior