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1.1 Generation, role and destruction of reactive oxygen species Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by complex changes in cell metabolism leading to increased production of oxygen radicals which, in turn, may play a key role in numerous clinical complications of this pathological condition. Several reports have focused on the identification of biological elements involved in the development of systemic biochemical alterations in CKD (Granata et al., 2009). Under normal conditions in living organisms oxygen metabolism (above all reduction) leads to the formation of highly reactive intermediates called reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are dangerous for the cell (Yu, 1994). As long as the balance between ROS production and ROS scavenging is maintained, no disorders are observed. ROS include superoxide anion (O2-), hydroxyl radical (OH), perhydroxyl radical (HO2) and singlet oxygen (1O2). According to some scientists, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) also belongs to this group since it easily penetrates the membranes and in the presence of transition metals (copper or iron) it can be reduced to OH as in the example below (Yu, 1994):

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Selenium (Se), Blood Glutathione Peroxidases and DNA Damage in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Hemodialysis and After Kidney Transplantation - The Effect of Se Supplementation