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Members of multiple gene families in higher organisms allow for more refined cellular signaling networks and structural organization toward more stable physiological homeostasis. Gene duplication is one the most powerful ways of providing an opportunity to create a novel gene(s) because a novel function might be acquired without the loss of the original gene function (Ohno, 1970). Gene duplication can result from unequal crossing over by recombination, retroposition of cDNA, or whole-genome duplication. Furthermore, a replication-based mechanism of change in gene copy number has been proposed recently (Hastings et al., 2009). Gene duplication generated by retroposition is frequently accompanied by deleterious effects because the insertion of cDNA into the genome is nearly random or unlinks the original gene location resulting in an alteration of the original vital functions of the target genes. Thus retroelements such as transposable elements and endogenous retroviruses have been thought of as “selfish”. On the other hand, gene duplication caused by unequal crossing over generally results in tandem alignment, which less frequently disrupts the functions of other genes. Recent genome-wide studies have demonstrated that retroelements can definitely contribute to the creation of individual novel genes and the modulation of gene expression, which allows for the dynamic diversity of biological systems, such as placental evolution (Rawn & Cross, 2008). It is now recognized that tandem duplication and retroposition are among the key factors that initiate the creation of novel gene family members (Brosius, 2005; Sorek, 2007; Kaessmann, 2010). By these mechanisms, species-specific gene duplication can lead to species-specific gene functions, which might contribute to species-specific phenotypes (Zhang, 2003). For example, many genes derived from retroelements are expressed in mammalian placentas, and species-specific gene duplication has occurred multiple times during placental evolution (Rawn & Cross, 2008). If a combination of tandem gene duplication and retroposition of cDNA occurs, there is a good possibility for the creation of a novel gene(s)

Bucentaur (Bcnt) Gene Family: Gene Duplication and Retrotransposon Insertion