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The concept of enhanced heat transfer and flow mixing using swirling jets has been investigated for nearly seven decades (Burgers, 1948; Watson and Clarke, 1947). Many practical applications of swirling jets include combustion, pharmaceuticals, tempering of metals, electrochemical mass transfer, metallurgy, propulsion, cooling of high-power electronics and computer chips, atomization, and the food industry, such as improved pizza ovens. Recently, swirling jet models have been applied to investigate heat transfer and flow mixing in nuclear reactors, including the usage of swirling jets in the lower plenum (LP) of generation-IV very high temperature gas-cooled reactors (VHTRs) to enhance mixing of the helium coolant and eliminate the formation of hot spots in the lower support plate, a safety concern (Johnson, 2008; Kim, Lim, and Lee, 2007; Laurien, Lavante, and Wang, 2010; Lavante and Laurien, 2007; Nematollahi and Nazifi, 2007; Rodriguez and El-Genk, 2008a, b, c, and d; Rodriguez, Domino, and El-Genk, 2010; Rodriguez and El-Genk, 2010a and b; Rodriguez and El-Genk, 2011). There are many devices and processes for generating vortex fields to enhance flow mixing and convective heat transfer. Figure 1 shows a static helicoid device that can be used to generate vortex fields based on the swirling angle, θ. Recent advances in swirling jet technology exploit common characteristics found in axisymmetric vortex flows, and these traits can be employed to design the vortex flow field according to the desired applications; among these are the degree of swirl (based on the swirl number, S) and the spatial distributions of the radial, azimuthal, and axial velocities. For a 3D helicoid, the vortex velocity in Cartesian coordinates can be approximated as:

Recent Advances in Modeling Axisymmetric Swirl and Applications for Enhanced Heat Transfer and Flow Mixing