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The set of heat transfer equipment through which heating and cooling takes place within a process is known as the heat exchanger network. Heat exchanger networks are made up of three main subsystems: a) the heating network, where thermal energy from external sources is supplied to a process, b) the heat recovery network, where thermal energy available within a process is recovered in order to minimize the external energy consumption, and c) the cooling network, where the low grade thermal energy from a process is rejected to the environment. A cooling network is an essential part of a cooling system; its design, operation and retrofit is looked at in this chapter. The main components of a cooling system are the set of coolers or cooling network, the cooling system and the flow system which includes the pumping system and the pipeline. All the components of a cooling tower are linked and failure to appreciate this relation may lead to operating difficulties and excessive operating costs. In this chapter we look in detail at the interaction between these three components in the light of a thermo-hydraulic model. The thermal analysis is based on the application of the thermal effectiveness model originally developed for single heat exchangers. On the hydraulic side, the water distribution through the network depends on the pressure drop across the various branches that make up the network; this in turn has implications on the thermal performance of the coolers. During operation cooling systems are subject to changes in operating conditions that affect their heat removal capacity. These changes take place as a result of any of the following: plant throughput variations during the year; variations in ambient conditions that affect the performance of cooling towers; the performance of heat exchangers gets deteriorated over time due to fouling, etc. In practice, a cooling systems is commonly designed for point conditions; normally these point conditions correspond to the case where the whole system is well overdesigned. One problem with this practice is that the operating costs are much higher than they should be. This problem can be addressed by the proper application of a thermohydraulic model. In this context, this chapter shows the way a thermo-hydraulic model for cooling systems is developed and introduces its application in design. Cooling systems are normally designed for fixed conditions; for instance, they are specified by a given cooling load, water flow rate, pumping capacity and heat transfer surface area in

Modelling the Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Cooling Networks and Its Implications on Design, Operation and Retrofit