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As photovoltaic devices possessing potential for low processing costs and flexible architectures, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using nanocrystalline TiO2 (nc-TiO2) electrodes have been extensively studied.(Bisquert et al., 2004; O’Regan & Gratzel, 1991) Congruently with increasingly urgent dissemination of solar cells against crisis of a depletion of fossil fuel, DSSCs are as promising alternative to conventional silicon-type solar cells. The main trend of investigations of DSSCs originates from the epoch-making works by Gratzel and co-workers in the early 1990s. (O’Regan & Gratzel, 1991) A typical construction of the cells are composed of dye-molecules (usually Ru complexes) coated nc-TiO2 electrodes on transparent-conductive (TC) backcontact (usually fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)) glass substrate and counter Pt electrodes sandwitching triiodine/iodine [I3–/I–] redox liquid electrolyte layer maintaining electrical connection with the counter Pt electrode. The voids of the network of TiO2 nanoparticles connection form nanopores which are efficiently filled with electrolyte solution. An operation mechanism of DSSC begins with harvesting incident light by dye-molecules via photoexcitation of electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The photoexcited electrons are transferred to the conduction band of the nc-TiO2 and diffuse in TiO2 matrix to TC layer followed by ejection to outer electric load. The oxidized dye is reduced by the electrolyte (I–) and the positive charge is transported to Pt counter electrode. As well as close fitting of photo-absorption spectra of dyes to the spectrum of sunlight mainly in visible light region (nearly panchromatic dyes) (Nazeeruddin et al., 2001) the strong dye-TiO2 coupling leading to rapid electron transfer from excited dye to TiO2 (Tachibana et al., 1996) realizes practically promising solar-to-electrical conversion efficiency: more than 10 %. The charge separation of DSSCs occurs at the interface TiO2 nanoparticles / dye molecules / [I–/I3–] electrolyte. Therefore the combination of Rucomplex and TiO2 is currently almost ideal choice in DSSC. Some problems of the TiO2 nanoparticles electrode, however, remain room to investigate. Connection points of TiO2 nanoparticles decrease an effective area of interface, and play a role on electron scattering sites, leading to restrict the conversion efficiency.(Enright & Fizmaurice, 1996; Peng et al., 2003) Though denser films seemingly improve the electron migration, they result in decrease of surface area for dye adsorption. Additionally TiO2 nanoparticles electrodes are

Preparation of Hollow Titanium Dioxide Shell Thin Films from Aqueous Solution of Ti-Lactate Complex for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells