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The repair of large soft tissue defects, especially abdominal wall defects, is still a challenge for surgeons and continues to be a significant problem for patients (Gangwar et al., 2006; Lai et al., 2003). Free muscle transfer from local or distant sites is commonly employed for the surgical repair of muscle-tissue defects, but this practice is frequently associated with significant donor-site morbidity (Wei et al., 1995). A potential alternative includes the in vitro development of a functional three-dimensional muscle for transplantation or the construction of implantable biological biomaterials to direct myogenesis at the target site. The ideal biomaterial for abdominal wall repair should possess adequate strength, no hypersensitivity reactions, and biocompatibility to facilitate tissue ingrowths, which may help long-term maintenance of mechanical strength (Lai et al., 2003). In the reconstruction of a new tissue, two components are usually very important: the cells and the matrix (scaffolds) where they are seeded. Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field which applies the principles and methods of engineering and the life sciences towards the fundamental understanding of structural and functional relationships in normal and pathological tissue and the development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain or improve function (Skalak & Fox, 1988). The creation of skeletal muscle tissue using tissue engineering methods holds promise for the treatment of a variety of muscle diseases, including skeletal myopathies such as muscular dystrophy or spinal muscular atrophy, traumatic injury and aggressive tumor ablation (Guettier-Sigrist et al., 1998; Law et al., 1993). Tissues that are engineered using the patient’s own cells, or immunologically inactive allogenic or xenogenic cells have the potential to overcome current problems of replacing lost tissue function and offer new therapeutic options for diseases where currently no options are available. Moreover, this technology can play a vital role in the future management of paediatrics patients (Saxena et al., 1999a).

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering Using Biological Scaffolds for Repair of Abdominal Wall Defects in a Rabbit Model