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The term evapotranspiration (ET) is used to describe the contemporary evaporation of water from surfaces and transpiration of water trough stomata. Evaporation (E) consists in the change of state of water from liquid to vapour that occurs when water molecules momentarily acquire high speed near the surface of water as the result of collisions with other molecules. This kind of process can be enhanced by environmental factors, such as direct solar radiation and temperature, which provide the required energy. Leaf transpiration can be thought of as a necessary cost associated with the opening of stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide inside the leaf, for photosynthesis and plant growth. However, these low-resistance apertures also provide a favourable diffusional pathway for atmospheric gas pollutants, such as ozone, that can reach the substomatal cavity and the mesophyll inside the leaf, (causing negative effects at different biological and physiological levels). Stomata opening is regulated by environmental factors such as light, air temperature and humidity, wind speed and water availability in the soil (Jarvis, 1976; Stewart, 1988). The interpretation of the ET and the understanding of the potential influencing factors are important topics for ecophysiology, agriculture and agro-meteorology since the past century (Penman, 1948). ET plays a key role in the water cycle, affecting the water balance from local up to regional scale and causing feedback between vegetation and climate (Wilske et al. 2010). Penman (1948), combining the energy balance with the mass transfer method, derived an equation to calculate the evaporation from an open water surface using meteorological data such as radiation, temperature, humidity and wind speed. Today the Penman-Monteith equation is considered the most reliable method to calculate evapotranspiration.

(Evapo)Transpiration Measurements Over Vegetated Surfaces as a Key Tool to Assess the Potential Damages of Air Gaseous Pollutant for Plants