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Patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases are known to present, in comparison to controls, variations on the contents of minor and trace elements in body tissues and fluids. For individuals affected by Parkinson’s disease (PD), some findings, regarding brain and serum, are cited hereafter. BRAIN. Various brain areas were characterized for trace element levels and some alterations were observed in patients. Higher concentrations of aluminum were determined by Yasui et al. (1992) in different sites; increased levels of copper were detected by Riederer et al. (1989) in raphe plus reticular formation, whereas diminished amounts were found in substantia nigra by Rajput et al. (1985) and Dexter et al. (1989). Dexter et al. (1991) and Griffits et al. (1999) observed an iron enrichment in substantia nigra; regarding to zinc, Dexter et al. (1989) found more elevated amounts in a few areas, while Riederer et al. (1989) noticed lower contents in raphe formation. Variations of aluminum, copper, iron and zinc levels in definite brain sites of PD patients were reviewed by Speziali & Orvini (2003). SERUM. For PD patients, trace element changes were observed also in serum. Several studies were carried out at the Italian Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS) by Bocca et al. (2004, 2006), Forte et al. (2004, 2005), Alimonti et al. (2007a). A decreasing trend for aluminum was observed by Bocca et al. (2004) and Forte et al. (2004), as well as by Hedge et al. (2004) and Pande et al. (2005). Copper resulted elevated in these last two works and in a paper by Mindadse & Tschikowani (1967); in other investigations, by Bocca et al. (2006), Forte et al. (2004) and Tan et al. (2007), copper resulted diminished. Hedge et al. (2004), Pande et al. (2005), Forte et al. (2005), Alimonti et al. (2007a) detected lower iron concentrations, whereas Tan et al. (2007) reported a higher amount. In the case of zinc, a slight increase was noticed by Tan et al. (2007), whereas Hedge et al. (2004), Pande et al. (2005), Forte et al. (2005), Alimonti et al. (2007a) observed a significant decrease. A lower mercury content was found by Gellein et al. (2008). From this survey, it emerges that disagreeing findings for the same element are quite frequent. In the case of brain, we can suppose that the discrepancies among the various trials are related to the different areas examined. The less expected controversial findings for serum stimulated us to examine the up to date knowledge about the CSF of PD subjects. We have already published a short review on this topic (Speziali & Di Casa, 2009). In this

Minor and Trace Elements in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Parkinson's Patients – Suggestions After a Critical Review of the Analytical Data