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Since the dawn of time Homo sapiens have collected human body-parts for a variety of reasons (Lassila B Aquaron et al., 2009; Daily Telegraph, 2011). Similarly, representations of pathological lesions have been collected for educational purposes for at least three hundred years (e.g. the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow has preserved plaster casts of diseased tissues). A biobank is a generic term to describe any collection of biological materials and may take many forms, ranging from the preservation of plant seeds (e.g the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Norway) or, the storage of human materials for transplants (e.g. corneal biobanks). Others collect human materials for artificial insemination (sperm, eggs and embryos), for forensic investigations and animal materials to assist in the preservation of endangered species such as the Iberian lynx (Leon-Quinto et al., 2009). Some biobanks only collect a single type of sample such as DNA (genebanks), whilst others archive a wide variety of clinical materials. Until recently the modus operandi of most medical researchers was to use fresh clinical materials to test a specific hypothesis. The premise was either proven, or not, and then the process repeated to answer subsequent questions. This approach is incredibly wasteful since materials not directly needed to test each argument were discarded. In contrast, clinical biobanks can archive and distribute complete sets of materials from patients with diseases to multiple researchers thereby maximising the benefit of every donation. They can also revolutionise the understanding of very rare conditions by gradually accumulating sufficient numbers of samples –or, by the exchange of samples between multiple biobanks (networking) to permit statistically-significant conclusions to be derived. These advantages of biobanks were recognized by Time magazine as ‘one of the ten ideas that are changing the world right now’ (Park, 2009). This Chapter will be confined to those issues confronting biobanks which collect human materials for medical research. Such

Ethical and Legal Considerations in Human Biobanking: Experience of the Infectious Diseases BioBank at King’s College London, UK