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Calcium orthophosphates are subject to intensive investigations owing to their biological importance. The ion-substituted non-stoichiometric nano-sized poorly crystalline calcium orthophosphates, mainly with apatite structure, build the inorganic component of hard tissues in the organisms. The main ion substitutes are the ions Na+, K+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Si2+, CO32-, Cl-, and F(Dorozhkin, 2009; Daculsi et al., 1997) and they differ in variety and amount depending on the type of the hard tissue, its age as well as on individual peculiarities. The so called “biological apatite” is formed in the living organisms as a result of biomineralization processes, the mechanism of which is not yet clarified. These processes include precipitation, dissolution and growth of poorly-crystalline calcium orthophosphates taking place in the organic matrix, e.g., collagen in the case of bones (Dorozhkin, 2009; Palmer et al., 2008) or amelogenin in the case of enamel (Palmer et al., 2008), in the presence of body fluids. One of the ways to elucidate the elementary processes occurring during bone hard tissue mineralization is the biomimetic approach designed to study these processes. The knowledge of the elementary processes is crucial for the development of new bioactive calcium phosphate materials (close to the natural ones) that may be applied for bone repairing, reconstruction and remodeling. The aim of this chapter is to throw light on the biomimetic precipitation and modification of calcium orthophosphates, XRD-amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) on the basis of authors’ kinetic, spectral (XRD and IR) and thermodynamic studies and literature data.

Biomimetic Modifications of Calcium Orthophosphates