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1.1 Optical spectroscopy Study of the electromagnetic radiation by matter, as related to the dependence of these processes on the wavelength of the radiation. More recently, the definition has been expanded to include the study of the interactions between particles such as electrons, protons, and ions, as well as their interaction with other particles as a function of their collision energy. Spectroscopic analysis has been crucial in the development of the most fundamental theories in physics, including quantum mechanics, the special and general theories of relativity, and quantum electrodynamics. Spectroscopic techniques have been applied in virtually all technical fields of science and technology. One of the most famous kinds of spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy is used routinely to identify the chemical composition of matter and to determine its physical structure.Spectroscopic techniques are extremely sensitive. Single atoms and even different isotopes of the same atom can be detected among 1020 or more atoms of a different species. Isotopes are all atoms of an element that have unequal mass but the same atomic number. Isotopes of the same element are virtually identical chemically. Trace amounts of pollutants or contaminants are often detected most effectively by spectroscopic techniques. Because of this sensitivity, the most accurate physical measurements have been frequency measurements. Spectroscopy now covers a sizable fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum. The table (1) summarizes the electromagnetic spectrum over a frequency range of 16 orders of magnitude. Spectroscopic techniques are not confined to electromagnetic radiation, however. Because the energy E of a photon (a quantum of light) is related to its frequency ν by the relation E = hν, where h is Planck’s constant, spectroscopy is actually the measure of the interaction of photons with matter as a function of the photon energy. In instances where the probe particle is not a photon, spectroscopy refers to the measurement of how the particle interacts with the test particle or material as a function of the energy of the probe particle. Electromagnetic radiation is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that have the ability to transfer energy through space. The energy propagates as a wave, such that the crests and troughs of the wave move in vacuum at the speed of 299,792,458 metres per second.

Photodiode Array Detection in Clinical Applications; Quantitative Analyte Assay Advantages, Limitations and Disadvantages