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Mitochondria, from the Greek mito (thread) and chondros (grains) are small organelles that exist as a network in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, performing a variety of important functions including energy production, calcium homeostasis, fatty acid metabolism or heme and pyrimidine biosynthesis (Pereira, Moreira et al., 2009). Moreover, mitochondria play a critical role in programmed cell death (apoptosis) (Jeong & Seol, 2008; Wang & Youle, 2009). Mitochondrial structure comprises two different membranes, the outer (OMM) and the inner membrane (IMM) that functionally separate two distinct compartments, the intermembrane space (IMS) and the matrix (Jezek & Plecita-Hlavata, 2009) (Fig. 1). The outer membrane encloses mitochondria and it is somewhat identical to other cell membranes, including cholesterol in its composition, and is permeable to a large variety of ions and metabolites. The inner membrane lacks cholesterol, is rich in the tetra fatty acid-containing phospholipid cardiolipin, and basically controls the entry of metabolites and ions into mitochondria, through the action of specific transport proteins (Scatena, Bottoni et al., 2007). Inner membrane invaginations and membrane enclosed structures which can exist connected to the IMM or freely in the mitochondrial matrix are called cristae. It is in these latter structures that most of the membrane-bound metabolic proteins and energyproducing respiratory complexes (complexes I–V) exist (Fig. 1) (Zick, Rabl et al., 2009).

Mitochondria as a Biosensor for Drug-induced Toxicity – Is It Really Relevant?