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In the last few years, the Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology has gained increasing attention as an emerging solution for automatically identifying remote objects, people, animals. Early successful applications in asset tracking and supply-chain management and the falling cost of RFID tags have fostered a broadening of the application domain, with new pervasive, RFID-based solutions supporting more user-oriented services. As a result, RFID technology is going to contribute to the massive deployment of sensors in an ever more networked society –a coming Internet of Things where everything is alive, that is, where common objects (including those that are inanimate and abstract) can have individual identities, memory, processing capabilities, along with the ability to communicate and sense, monitor and control their own behavior (Thompson, 2004). In previous works we have explored this technology’s potential to facilitate everyday life by seamlessly integrating virtual and physical worlds, varying from personnel tracking and localization to healthcare monitoring (Ciampi et al., 2006; Coronato et al., 2009; Della Vecchia & Esposito, 2010; Esposito et al., 2009; Coronato et al., 2006). As known, typical RFID systems use a combination of tags, readers and middleware as sketched in Fig. 1. Basically, a reader broadcasts a radio frequency signal to get the data stored on the nearby tags. Data can be a static identification number, user written data or data computed by the tag itself. Having obtained tag data, the reader informs via a wired or wireless network the middleware that in turn stores both tag and reader data in a backend database. RFID systems deal with information which very often, if not always, may be critical. Such systems are intrinsically insecure and vulnerable, being prone to threats that can affect tag, reader and middleware as well . In particular, tag cloning is one of the most serious threats to the security of RFID systems. Tag cloning simply consists in catching a tag’s unique identifier with the aim of making an exact copy (clone) of the cloned tag, so that the clone can pose as the genuine tag, being indistinguishable from the original. Once legitimate tag data are obtained, attackers can reproduce their clone tags on a wide scale and gain access to secured facilities, make fraudulent purchases, alter or even disrupt supply chains, etc. One conventional approach to secure RFID systems against tag cloning might use cryptographic tags that enable strong tag authentication and make tag cloning a rather

A Knowledge-Based Approach for Detecting Misuses in RFID Systems