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Cholecystectomy is the primary treatment of cholelithiasis. But the prevention of the formation and the dissolution of the stones were popular in the 80's . The clinical use of the chenodeoxycholic and after the ursodeoxycholic acid emerged in the 70's, when proved that this acids reduced biliary cholesterol saturation in bile. Important aspects were significant but reversible hepatotoxicity in 3%, diarrhea in 8%, abandonment of treatment in 15% and a similar proportion of abdominal pain. Probably, more important was the increase in total serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein during treatment with chenodesoxycholic acid. In general, ursodeoxycholic acid appears to have fewer side effects, works faster and causes less liver damage. In patients with small cholesterol stones and floating radiolucent treated with ursodeoxycholic acid, for 6-12 months, partial or complete dissolution can be expected in 40-55% of cases. The direct dissolution of cholesterol gallstones using methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) requires the insertion of a percutaneous transhepatic catheter in the gallbladder. The MBTE (5-10 mL) should be infused in a manner that involves the calculi but does not flow into the common bile duct and duodenum. In 4-16 hours the stones are dissolved. The patient should stay overnight in the hospital. Side effects include pain and nausea; haemolysis and duodenitis are serious consequences of the spilling of the solvent into the duodenum . Transabdominal mechanical lithotripsy is another treatment modality, which leads to fragmentation of the stones in selected cases in almost 100% of patients. All of these treatments have in common the recurrence of stones (from 45% to 70% at 5 or 7 years of follow-up), due to persistence of a place for the precipitation of cholesterol crystals (gallbladder) and bile prone to precipitate (lithogenic bile). A report by Gilliland and Traverso in 1990 settled any doubts about the alternatives in the treatment of cholelithiasis (Gilliland & Traverso, 1990) These authors reviewed outcomes of 671 cholecystectomy patients during the years 1982-1987 and found no mortality and 2.2% of complications. They conclude that open cholecystectomy is a definitive treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis with minimal risk to the patient and a high degree of cure of the symptoms.

Transcylindrical Cholecystectomy for the Treatment of Cholelithiasis and Its Complications Cholecystectomy Under Local Anesthesia