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Most reactors under operation nowadays are light water reactors (LWR). The licensing and safety basis for them has been mainly deterministic. This approach has been under use since the beginning of commercial nuclear power in the 1950s. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss what this deterministic basis is, and how it has been used with emphasis on the US and German experience. This emphasis is because the first Brazilian reactor is of Westinghouse design, while the second one is of KWU (Kraftwerk Union)/Siemens/Areva design. Both designs are pressurized water reactors (PWR). This chapter starts with the discussion of safety criteria, consideration of the defense in depth approach and deterministic criteria (safety margins), and the discussion of design basis accidents, including plant safety systems for meeting safety design criteria (IAEA, 2009a), Ahn et al (2010). The approaches used thus far for safety analyses of LWRs have been essentially deterministic, where engineering judgment and conservatism have been used to face uncertainties. An example of this approach is the consideration of design basis accidents (such as large loss of coolant accidents – LOCA). They have been defined by arbitrarily combining initiating events with single failures (for example, loss of an injection pump), Kim et al (2010). The inception of risk-informed decision making was in the 1970s, with the publication of the Reactor Safety Study NRC (1975), although it was initially named probabilistic risk assessment in the US. Since then, many improvements have been achieved but risk criteria have not as yet been established. The risk-informed approach has been adopted by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as an aid in the licensing and safety basis of US nuclear power plants. This means that the formal licensing process is to be approached by deterministic and probabilistic methods. The risk-informed approach may represent the formal presentation of a level 3 probabilistic safety assessment (PSA), so that plant risk curves are available. However, regulators do not as yet have risk criteria for this purpose, so that PSAs are recommended but their results are not compared to any criteria. Instead, there is a criterion concerning level 1 PSAs (in this case, the reactor core degradation frequency is estimated), and this is the central feature of risk-informed decision making nowadays, NRC (2002).

LWR Safety Analysis and Licensing and Implications for Advanced Reactors