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Since the pioneering work by R. Adams (1976), who detected a neurotransmitter catecholamine in mammalian brain by implanting a solid carbon electrode directly in animal brains, a lot of miniaturized in vivo and in vitro sensors for neurotransmitters have been poposed (HiranoS Sugawara, 2007; Zeyden et al. 2008; O’Neill et al., 1998). The field is slowly, but continually, expanding. Most of researches aim at developing electrochemical sensors with spatial and temporal resolution, which enable us to discern distribution of neurotransmitters within each neuronal subfield and estimate its concentration level and temporal changes in intact brains, acute slices and cultured neurons. In the central neuronal system of mammalian brain, L-glutamate is released from synaptic terminals and plays a vital role in brain development, synaptic plasticity, neurotoxicity, and neuropathological disorders (Reis et al., 2009; BlissC MalenkaN Mattoson et al., 2008). LGlutamate may activate transmitter receptors located extrasynaptically on neurons and glia at greater distance from the place of exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, though the concentration level of such spillover of L-glutamate from synaptic cleft is not clear yet (Volterra&Meldolesi, 2005). The basal and enhanced level of extracellular L-glutamate plays a key role in neuronal functions, because its level will determine whether L-glutamate has actions or negligible actions on most glutamate receptors ( Herman&Jahr, 2007). Up to date, the in vivo level of L-glutamate in brain has been reported mostly for corpus striatum, while no in vivo data have been reported for the hippocampus. On the other hand, acute slices of hippocampal tissue offer experimental control of the neuronal network environment. In the in vitro case as well, a very limited number of microsensors have been applied to acute brain slices, probably because of technical difficulties in handling thin living slices (thickness 200-400 m) and the lack of suitable miniaturized sensors. A glass capillary-based enzyme sensor has been developed in which a three-electrode system is built in the capillary (Nakajima et al., 2003), hence outer reference and auxiliary electrodes are not necessary to be set in brain tissue. The sensor with the tip diameter of approximately 10 m is promising as a microsensor for monitoring the enhanced extracellular level of L-glutamate release in each neuronal region of acute hippocampal slices

A Glass Capillary-Based Microsensor for L-Glutamate in in Vitro Uses