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In the last few years biotechnology has been making its way into many areas of industry. Biotechnology is the application of life organisms and their components into industrial processes and products (Warke & Chandratre, 2003). The biological systems that have traditionally been used are organisms such as yeasts, fungi and bacteria. The progress of industrial biotechnology in the last twenty years, especially in molecular biology, protein engineering and fermentation technology, enhanced the development of new uses of enzymes in the food industry, the use spread into the areas of detergents, paper and leather industry, natural polymer modification, organic chemical synthesis, diagnostics ... The use of enzymes experienced an increase in the textile industry as well. Amylases were the first enzymes applied in textile processing to remove starch-based sizes from fabrics after weaving. Later proteases were introduced into detergent formulations to remove organic protein-based stains from textile garments and cellulases to remove fibrillation in multiple washes. Further applications have been found for these enzymes to produce the aged look of denim and other garments (Gubitz & Cavaco-Paulo, 2001). Today enzymes offer a wide variety of alternative, environment and fibre friendly procedures which are replacing or improving the existing classical technological procedures. Cellulases, proteases, amylases, catalases, pectinases, peroxidases and lactases are the enzymes that can replace aggressive chemicals (Cavaco-Paulo & Gubitz, 2003). Researchers have tried to apply enzymes into every step of textile wet processing, ranging from pretreatment, bleaching, dyeing to finishing, and even effluent treatment. Some applications have become well established and routine, while some have not yet been successfully industrialized due to technical or cost constraints. A famous example is bioscouring or biopreparation, a process that specifically targets noncellulosic impurities within the textile fabrics, with pectinases (Lu, 2005).

Biotechnology in Textiles – an Opportunity of Saving Water